Motivation and Organizational Behaviour

Motivation can be defined as a force that encourages and pushes an individual to perform to his fullest. Motivation is a very significant force that is required to finish a task or complete a goal. Motivation can be extrinsic like something that is done to earn a reward or avoid a punishment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Organizational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cleaning the room to get a reward from parents is one example. It can also be intrinsic like something that is done if it brings pleasure and is enjoyable. For example taking part in a football tournament could be enjoyable and rewarding in terms of certificates and medals. I mostly get motivated with verbal praise rather than monetary benefits. Motivation can come in different types, and the one I find most effective is when someone believes in me and place all their trust on to me. I am a person who liked to get appreci ation when I put extra effort to meet targets. If I do not get appreciation, then I am more likely to lose motivation. I then feel that all my efforts have gone to waste as no one appreciated or even noticed the task I so brilliantly completed (Kinicki, 2008). I normally try to interact and keep a positive behaviour and attitude with my co-workers. I have learned that keeping a positive and friendly attitude is very important and leads to motivation. As people find me friendly, they always try to give me honest advice and correct feedback which motivates me. I believe that I was able to stay motivated because my co-workers have been supportive. I have seen such types of employees and know for sure how dissatisfied they are with their entourage (Pinder, 2008). My organization makes sure that employees interact with one another and that there is no one receiving special treatment nor is there anyone creating groups between employees. The organization believes that if employees work as a unit then they will be more efficient rather than working all by themselves.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For this purpose, they believe in job rotation. Every member of the organization gets to be a part of different teams so that he could spend time with them and get to know them. The organization believes that when the entire organization knows each other then there would not be any complaints or any jealousy for the others. The organization makes sure that all employees feel that they are equally contributing towards the success of the organization. There is no one small or anyone big. The organization where I am currently employed provides equal importance to each and every worker (Nelson Quick, 2008). More could be done as there is always room for improvement. The top management can play a vital role in motivating the employees verbally. I have noticed that some times the top management does not realise the power they have over employees. They are a source of information and employees look on to them as their idols. I speak this because that is how I feel and most of the members in my office feel. Employees tend to feel neglected when they are not motivated by management for putting extra effort at work. Their performance slows down ultimately affecting the output of the organization. Verbal praise from top management may allow the employees to become positive in every possible way. Reference List Kinicki, A. (2008). Organizational Behavior: Key Concepts, Skills Best. New York: McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions. Nelson, D. L., Quick, J. C. (2008). Understanding Organizational Behavior. Mason: Cengage Learning. Pinder, C. C. (2008). Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior. Hoboken: Psychology Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Organizational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Motivation and Organizational Behaviour was written and submitted by user Lexie Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Become the Leading Authority In Your Niche [PODCAST]

How to Become the Leading Authority In Your Niche [PODCAST] Would you like to be known as the go-to when it comes to getting information on a specific topic? Positioning yourself as an expert would help you build your following, increase your engagement, and grow your business. Publishing excellent content is a great way to do all of these things. Today’s guest is Nicole Kohler, the content manager at WooCommerce, an Automattic brand. She’s going to talk to us about how to score and prioritize content, improve your processes, and become the leading authority in your niche. Information about WooCommerce and what Nicole does there as the content manager. How Nicole gathers ideas for the WooCommerce site and blog, how they decide which ideas to use, and how they keep them organized. Tips for judging ideas that come in from people inside of the company, including the evaluation system WooCommerce uses. How Nicole decided that a former process for evaluating content wasn’t working and how she made the necessary changes. What a content brainstorming meeting looks like. How WooCommerce uses personas to develop engaging content that keeps readers coming back for more. Some of the results that Nicole is particularly proud of. Nicole’s best tips for someone hoping to improve their content. Links: WooCommerce Nicole on LinkedIn If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Nicole: â€Å"We have this culture of content where everyone’s looking for these ideas and coming to me and saying, here’s a really cool thing I saw, and we can write about that.† â€Å"You have to think about what you’re good at and what you know better than anyone else. I think the biggest mistake that some content producers make is trying to focus on everything in their particular area.† â€Å"You, whether you realize this or not, are genius about your subject. Own your genius, own your thing, and write about that.†

Exporting Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exporting Best Practices - Essay Example These are reactors capable of operating in order to sustain a managed, self-sustaining fission sequence reaction, and components and equipment specifically designed for use in relation with a nuclear reactor. Computers are another category of dual use commodities. Items included are high performance computers and specifically designed associated equipment, electronic assemblies and parts. These computers may include systolic array computers, optical computers and neural computers, digital computers and analog computers (Bureau of Industry and Security, 2012). The most excellent way of incorporating best exporting practices within the company and in association with freight forwarders would be to adopt and practice the best exporting practices, as outlined by the BIS. The following are the best exporting practices of dual use commodities subject to Export Administration Regulations. These practices will enable the exporter to manage the exports of nuclear reactors and computers. First, the company will pay keen attention to the Red Flags Indicators. The exporter will communicate these red flags throughout the company, to freight forwarders and foreign affiliates (Gustavus, 2012). The information will be communicated when the exporter rejects an order placed by a foreign client on the basis of red flags. The information will also be communicated, when a freight forwarder abruptly declines to offer export services, after obtaining information that the commodities for exports are subject to United States export regulations. The exporter and its foreigner partners will seek to use only those freight forwarders, which administer excellent export administration and acquiescence programs. The company will obtain detailed information in order to know their clients, especially foreign customers. The information will enable the company to evaluate the risk of diversion and involvement in a forbidden transaction. This information will enable the company to

Foundation of managing and organising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Foundation of managing and organising - Essay Example Both big and small decisions need to be made on a daily basis and the people in charge must always have the right capacity to make the right decisions (Heizer & Render, 2004). In the case of the Junction Hotel, it is realized that a number of economic challenges are presently facing the operations of the organization. According to the rational theory, people generally organize activities out of rational motives. Through the application of rational organization, it is seen that efficiency is increased since people are focused on achieving goals an objectives. In this case, costs are brought down as much as possible. In any case, there is no particular style of leadership that is best for all situations. Different situations and environments will normally call for different approaches. The ability to manage an organization effectively largely depends upon the experience and skills of the managers in addition to the type of environment prevailing within the organization. A good leader s hould have the ability to switch from one style of management to another depending on the people and the work in the organization. The role of management at the Junction Hotel basically covers most of the operations realized in conventional organizations. In modern organizations, managers usually influence all phases of the organization. ... In the basic sense, the role of managers involves directing the organization towards the realization of goals. All organizations usually have goals or objectives to accomplish and the managers must therefore use the resources within the organization to achieve these goals (Terry, 2011). In this regard, the hotel manager at Junction Hotel is not simply expected to manage the organization. Management has to find solutions, innovate and create opportunities within and outside the organization. In this respect, organizational managers should be well versed in all the core aspects relating to effective management. Many major organizational failures across the world are usually linked to some miscalculation on the part of the management. An organization is a collection of different people bearing different skills, ideas and behaviors. Managers should therefore harness and utilize this diversity to the benefit of the organization. All managers must have the focus of directing the organizati on towards the attainment of its objectives. The role of managers in contemporary organization usually revolves around three functional areas: interpersonal role, informational role and decisional role (Certo & Ross, 2007). Interpersonal role refers to the interaction of the manager with people within and outside the organization. In most cases, the duties of the manager are symbolic and ceremonial in a way. It therefore calls for effective interaction with all parties in the organization in order to create a harmonious working environment which is crucial for the success of an organization. For instance, manager should attend social functions and award certificates to the outstanding employees. In the same way, the manager should act as a leader

Panama Canal Lock Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Panama Canal Lock - Case Study Example The whole of the Guton Lock system works in three steps. The ship enters the first chamber at the Guton lock which is at the sea level on the Atlantic side. The water tight gates are closed after the ship get in to the first chamber. A valve is the opened to allow water from the second chamber into the first chamber until both chambers the water levels up. Following this equalization of the levels of water, the valve is the closed and the gate between the first and second chamber is opened for the ship to move to the second chamber (Sherman 35). The first operation is repeated between the second and third lock to move the ship into the third lock which raise the ship to the Guton Lake water level. After closing of the final valve and opening of the final gate, the ship will have been raised up to 85ft to the Pacific Ocean water level. The forces that act on the first lock on the pacific side are majorly from the water in the Pacific Ocean that exerts pressure on the first gate. In the subsequent locks, forces act from both sides of the gates due to the water that is held inside the chambers. The Key factor in the design of the Guton lock was the water. The lifting of the ships in the lock to the level of the Guton Lake is done by water (Ulrich 9). The water in the lock lifts the ship up to 85feet and floats the ship across the divide. After crossing the continental divide, the water is again used to lower the ships to the sea level in the opposite side of the ocean. This therefore means that water was the major important consideration in the construction of the Guton Lock just like in the other three locks of the Panama Canal. In the design therefore, it was important to consider the force that the water exert on the locks. As more water is allowed inside the chamber of the lock, it exerts pressure to the walls. Another source of force on the walls of the lock chamber is the weight of the ship that is being raised by the lock up to 85 feet above sea

Occupational Therapy In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay

Occupational Therapy In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay Occupations are collections of activities and tasks of routines which are valued by individuals and cultures. Occupations include everything such as self-care, relishing life, and contributing to the social and economic aspects of societies (CAOT, 2002). It engages people in mutual work and it also promotes personal growth and development which offers possibilities to maintain healthy environment where people can interact with each other. (Creek Laugher, 2008).Occupational therapy is rehabilitation profession which involves the individuals with disabilities to attain maximum potential in performing function of daily living, employment, through the use of purposeful activities. (Stein Cutler, 2002). According to (Awan, 2009) Pakistan has poor condition in terms of occupation its safety and health legislature. People are more susceptible because they work informally, with no access to basic occupational health .Which creates barrier for a person to involve in any activities and participates in society which ultimately leads to loss of roles and responsibilities. Therefore occupational therapy is essential to accomplish basic tasks of daily living in order to enhance quality of life. More over Occupational therapy minimizes dependence on expensive health care and it also promotes societal acceptance of individuals. This reason led me to think about the occupational therapy in mental health context for Pakistani people. Where people are renowned for their occupation, because society value those who earns and make diverse contribution in society. Any mental disorder creates barrier for a person in occupation and compromises their quality of life. Therefore occupational therapy is es sential for a people because it engages people in various tasks of daily living and enhances self-worth of individuals so that they can live peacefully in societies. It was our first Mental Health clinical rotation at Karwane-e-hayat. The things which had convinced me in this rehabilitation center is occupational therapy. I noticed that my client was greatly involved with occupational Therapists. Every day new innovative activities were planned which influence the health and wellbeing of patient effectively, as patient involved in these activities very well. Furthermore when my client receives occupational therapy interventions he improves significantly more in terms of interpersonal relationships, which is the sign of disease improvement. The effectiveness of occupation therapy has convinced us a lot. Therefore we decided to plan more activities for the patient so that they can participate easily and interact more with other patients. To achieve this purpose we began with the assessment of patients interest and abilities. By identifying this we can plan activities according to their interest and implement them at clinical setting. Finally we evaluated our effectiveness of intervention which was positive and patients were happy and they request our group to plan more activities for them next time. To improve health and wellbeing of patient occupational therapist believed that person needs to participate in the activity of daily living. To describe this relationship of health and wellbeing a person environment occupational model has been proposed. This model deals with the interdependent relationship between three factors which are person, aspects of occupation and environment and their effects on performance of a person and health. The personal factors which have an effect on occupational performance are sex, age, gender, self-efficacy (feeling of I can do it).Environmental factor includes social, physical, cultural, institutional characteristics these factor interact with the personal factor which then have either positive or negative impact on persons occupational performance. The third factor which has an influence on occupational Performance, health and well-being is occupation, which includes tasks and activities that person performs on daily basis. These factors are constantly interacting with each other and they influence health and well-being of persons health (Law, Steinwender, Leclair, 1998). Relating this scenario, to our clinical setting, the self-efficacy of a patient motivated him a lot, and to increase the self-efficacy, environmental factor which includes social support system example friends and families considered being a strongest support system. The Patient who involve in the activity they insist their friends to be a part of the activity. Besides patients family support them very well to enhance their wellbeing, it was seen in clinical area that after taking discharge family members bring the patient in occupation therapy room to participate in the activity for 2-3 hours. The third component is occupation that includes tasks which sometimes produce negative symptoms on wellbeing for example work load, expectation of a job. During Mental status examination a client verbalized that he got ill because of major loss in business. Due to which client suffered from major depression and he got admitted in this rehabilitation center. Thus 3 factors are very important fo r the person to participate in the activity and improve their health prognosis. Occupational therapy has a positive impact in mental health settings. It treats individuals who are mentally ill, impaired cognition or emotionally disturbed. To treat these problems, therapists provide physical training and exercise training. It also provides independent living skills such as self-care for mentally ill and person who have cognitive impairment. Moreover it provides education for stress management to a client with disorder. It also promotes sense of independency, enhances self-esteem and self- worth. Occupational therapist collaborate with other health care professional to provide intervention for a group by leading activity in a group to prevent depression, increase socialization, It provide parenting skills to those parent who are disable or who have children with disabilities, They also educate regarding normal growth and improvement and how to deal with a patient with problematic behaviors. Therapist also arranges programs, to resolve conflict and for anger management to enhance motivation in a community so that people can develop interest for their work roles (AJOT, 2001). Occupational therapists are devoted to plan different activities for the patient to increase their well-being, but as a nurse we are also in a business to promote patients health, alleviate suffering and prevent them from disabilities. For this purpose we also planned activities for the patient in the rehabilitation center, which was exercising, sandwich making, cap making, collage work, word game and many more. Patient responded very well towards our planned activities they were greatly involved with other patient which increase their socialization, enhance their self-esteem, reduce their depression and decreases their feeling of loneliness which was verbalized by the patient. Moreover as a individuals it is our first and foremost responsibility to encourage people to adapt occupational therapy as an intervention because occupational therapy prevent the relapses. First of all people should know the positive outcome of occupational therapy which can be done through education and awareness, awareness through television and radio about disease related to mental health so that people should came to know about proper intervention related to disease process, Modifying exercise facilities to make them accessible to people so that they can easily practice, provide education skill development training in the context of everyday occupation, and also self-management training to manage health. However training of staff is very necessary to promote occupational therapy in mental health, government and private sector should established a programmed to trained therapist (AJOT, n.d). By concluding this, Occupational therapy plays essential role to promote wellbeing and to reduce the suffering, positive aspect of mental health can be promoted through occupational therapy, which enhance societal acceptance of patients and reduce the health expense by promoting wellbeing through activities and counseling. It is the responsibility of a nurse to promote OT in collaboration with other health care professionals to reduce the disabilities in the societies. Furthermore certain law and legislature should be imposed by government in the country to promote OT in the hospital which lacks this facility. All in all occupational therapy has a positive impact on patients wellbeing however if this intervention being neglected by the therapist or a nurse so it can produce negative impact on patients mental health. Awan, T. (2009, September 11). OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN PAKISTAN | Asia Monitor Resource Centre. Home | Asia Monitor Resource Centre. Retrieved from http://www.amrc.org.hk/alu_article/occupational_health_and_safety/occupational_health_and_safety_in_pakistan. CAOT Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists -Position Statement- Universal design. (2002). CAOT-ACE. Retrieved from http://www.caot.ca/default.asp Creek, J., Lougher, L. (2008). In Occupational therapy and mental health. London: Churchill Livingstone. Law, M., Cooper, B,. Strong, S., Stewart, D., Rigby, P. Letts, L. 1996. The Person-Environment-Occupation Model: A transactive approach to occupational performance. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 63(1):9-23 Law, M., Steinwender, S., Leclair , L. (1998). Occupation, health and well-being. Canadian journal of occupational therapy, 65(2),Pp, 81-91. Occupational Therapy in the Promotion of Health and the Prevention of Disease and Disability Statement. (2001). The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, PP, 656-660. Stein, F., Cutler, S. K. (2002). Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: A holistic approach (2nd ed.). Albany,New York, USA: Delmar.

Victim Mentality :: Social Issues, Abuse

What does it mean to be a victim? Is there a certain type of victim or is being a victim universal? When I think about a victim, I think about family abuse, rape, incest, tempted murder victims and etc. There are many kinds of victims because a victim is when a person is hurt by another in a malicious way. Victims are not all of a certain race; it can affect anybody regardless of their race, religion, or their social classes. When a person is being victimize, that are they truly think in their mind. What are the aftereffects of the mind and body after such an assault whether they were physically, emotionally or verbal abuse. Every child involved in family abuse has a different thought process as opposed to the child across the street withstanding the same abuse. What makes a child not cry for help when they have to constantly on a daily basis endure such maltreatment? What is going through their minds? A child might not report family abuse because they are afraid that their parent will go to jail (Stark, 1989). In their minds they believe that if either the mother or father leaves, that they will never be loved again. Someone might think that the child would know better to identify what parental love truly is but in their minds, their parents are the only ones in their world that can love and nurture them. Children in family abuse also believe that they are the only ones going through the abuse therefore they feel lonely and that no one can comprehend what they are living through. Children might also not tell an adult about the abuse in their homes because they are embarrassed to admit that there is a problem (Stark, 1989).They are ashamed because they think they are the only ones going through this or they might believe that it normal for a parent to hurt them because a parent knows best (Stark, 1989). The child may think that they deserve the abuse because they probably did something bad. Why would children believe that they deserve such abuse? In our society, it is commonly known that the parents do what is in the best interest of the child. And so a child believes that it okay because a parent knows best. â€Å"Emotional abuse can ruin a child’s self-esteem because he or she may grow to believe that the parent’s insults are true (Stark .

Senior Seminar Research Proposal

Introduction Forensic entomology is used to determine such crimes as murder, suicide, and other criminal acts by examining various insects instead of using human tissues. This forensic tool is used to determine the postmortem interval of a corpse and the cause of death of a corpse when all other forms of human evidence (human blood, tissues, hair, etc. ) are not present at the scene. Forensic entomologists prefer using insects to determine these factors of death because the insects produce similar results as human test materials such as human blood or tissues which yield the best analytical results for the forensic entomologist.The use of forensic entomological evidence has been accepted and used in many courts around the world (Anderson, 1999). The use of this tool in court can support or refute a suspect’s alibi and improves the criminal investigation against the suspect (Anderson, 1999). Even though forensic entomology is an efficient tool to use in criminal investigations there are some drawbacks to this analytical tool. Such disadvantages include improper collection of entomological evidence and improper analysis of insects after collection, resulting in incorrect entomological results and a possible false conviction of a suspect.The proposed research of this paper focused on insects being affected by different concentrations of ethanol during natural insect development and also focused on the detection of ethanol in insects using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) to determine if insects were significantly affected by ethanol exposure. The research also focused on the exposure of ethanol to the insects and how this exposure affected PMI (postmortem interval) determination. Forensic entomology is a commonly used tool to determine cause and time of death by examining various characteristics of insects that are collected at the crime scene.Such characteristics include size of the insect(s) and the life cycle stage of the insect collected. For ensic entomology becomes the most accurate and sometimes the only tool available for determining time of death, especially after 72 hours (Anderson and VanLaerhoven, 1996). Forensic entomology can also determine if a body has been moved from place to place, determine where the death occurred, determine the presence of various types of drugs and toxins present (if any), wound location, and determine who the suspect and victim are due to the presence of certain insects on the body (Grisales, et al. 2010). Background/Literature Review There are five levels of decomposition identified by a forensic entomologist when conducting an entomological investigation which include fresh, bloated, active, advanced, and remains (Grisales, et al. , 2010). These stages of decomposition are important to a forensic entomologist because insects appear on a corpse periodically throughout the decomposition cycle which therefore determines the time of death of a corpse. During these levels of decomposition insects begin to reach the corpse either by flying (adult flies) or by burrowing through the ground (pupae).Some insects can also reach the corpse by hatching from eggs (larvae) that were laid on the corpse after death. The fresh stage of decomposition involves a drop in body temperature and the appearance of very few flies on the corpse. The insects that are collected are typically larvae and are collected from the mouth of the corpse. The bloated stage of decomposition involves a significant increase in the body weight of a corpse due to rainfall exposure. The insects that are collected at this stage of decomposition are larvae found on the back, head, ears, and anus of the corpse (Grisales, et al. 2010). The active decay stage of decomposition involves fly larvae feeding on a corpse which significantly lowers the body weight of the corpse and an increased amount of fly larvae found in the intestines/ organs of the corpse (Grisales, et al. , 2010). The advanced stage of decomposi tion involves the fluctuation of body temperature depending on the location of the corpse and an even bigger decrease in body weight due to increased consumption of body tissues by fly larvae (Grisales, et al. , 2010).There is an increase in adult flies that are collected at this stage of decomposition. In the last stage of decomposition, remains, there is no continued change of the corpse and the presence of insects found decreases (Grisales, et al. , 2010). The stages of decomposition and the insects present at these stages are also used to determine the postmortem interval (PMI) of a corpse. PMI, or postmortem interval, provides important detail of situations that occurred before time of death in cases of homicide and untimely death (Byrd and Castner, 2001).Arthropods that are found on the corpse can determine the length of egg to fly transformation then to the recovered developmental stage (Gennard, 2007). The best arthropods to use are the oldest ones that were yielded from egg s when the larvae were first deposited on the corpse because they have the longest feeding time on the corpse which allows them to fully develop and retain any evidence from the corpse much longer; this will produce a more accurate PMI. Such information can help to identify both the criminal and the victim by eliminating the suspects and connecting the deceased with other individuals.The predictable physical and chemical consequences of death are usually the most reliable PMI indicators, which means knowing what an insect should look like at which developmental level to determine when a dead body became a corpse (Henssge et al. 1995). PMI is also associated with the succession rate of various insects which is another tool that is used to determine the time of death of a corpse. The succession rate includes information about the time elapsed between death and the presence of a particular arthropod or insect species and stage (Byrd and Castner, 2010).A dead body will go through very r ecognizable decomposition stages (physical, biological, and chemical changes) that attract various types of arthropods in each decomposition stage that are needed to determine the succession rate (Monthei, 2009). The most common succession rate estimated by an investigator is the age of larvae and the time interval between death and the arrival of larvae on the corpse (Byrd and Castner, 2010). The knowledge of what insects are supposed to be present and absent based on the season also helps to determine PMI.Calculation of PMI involves five different arthropod life stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, adult, and carcass) for flies when collecting insects from corpses. The egg stage of the fly is characterized by the laying of between 150-200 eggs, with the exception of some flies lying between 2000-3000 eggs, found on the body in cluster form within areas that provide protection, moisture, and food (Gennard, 2007). Fly eggs are typically shiny and white; the eggs have a similar appearance to that of a grain of rice.The reason for specific placement of eggs on a decomposing body is the fact that the body contains a high quality of nutrients which are used as a feeding source for the fly eggs to grow, as well as the influence of growth on other species of insects that feed on the decomposing body. The larval stage of the fly species is characterized into three stages (L1, L2, and L3) which correspond to the number of slits present on the backs of the larvae (Gennard, 2007). These slits are used by entomologists to determine what stage of life the larvae are in when collected.In the third larval stage, where larvae are the largest, the larvae stop feeding on the corpse and begin looking for a place to begin pupariation. Pupariation is the final stage of development in metamorphosis into the adult stage and is generally called the larval post-feeding stage (Gennard, 2007). Pupariation typically doesn’t take place on the corpse because insects in this stage prefer to be in a cool, dark place or underground, if possible. In some instances of fly larvae in pupariation, the insects were shown to pupate on the corpse.The adult stage, or the end of the life cycle, is initiated by the arthropod pushing itself out of the puparium case and once the adult fly is free from the puparium case, the insects make their journey upward through the soil. Once the adult fly has reached the top of the soil the insects release their waste and expand their wings to make their way to other corpses or decomposing material. The adult stage may be the final stage of the life cycle but the carcass of these adult flies can also be collected as evidence along will the carcasses of arthropods in each life stage.Entomotoxicology Entomotoxicology is the analysis of insects and insect remains for the presence of toxins that may have been present in the corpse before death (Goff and Lord, 1994). Detection of various toxins and controlled substances in insects found on decomposi ng human remains has contributed to the determination of both cause and manner of death by determining what times of toxins were present in the corpse before death (Lord 1990, Goff and Lord 1994, Nolte et al. , 1992).Entomotoxicology also serves as an alternative analysis tool to determine the presence of toxins or cause of death when certain specimens aren’t available for collection, such as human blood or tissues. The toxicological analysis of insect biological materials is conducted in the same manner as the toxicological analysis of human biological materials, making cause of death determination more accurate (Definis- Gojanovic, 2007). Many different species of arthropods, such as flesh flies and blowflies, are used when conducting an entomotoxicological analysis and these arthropods are used to determine the PMI or time before death.The use of entomotoxicology has many advantages, which includes determination of time before death (PMI) and identification of suspect, but this analytical tool also has several disadvantages. One disadvantage includes the issue of recording the exact temperature of the insects because if the information is incorrect then the outcome of the PMI will also be incorrect. Another disadvantage of this analytical tool is the fact that it is fairly new in the forensic science field so if an individual isn’t educated on how to use the technique then valuable entomological evidence related to the case may be lost.Lastly, if proper collection of entomological evidence isn’t conducted properly, the loss of highly important evidence relating to time of death and cause of death could be lost. Cause of death is usually determined by various types of toxins that are detected in the insect after an entomotoxicological analysis was conducted. Issues with Determination of PMI The determination of PMI can be affected by multiple factors but only two will be discussed in this research proposal which include: temperature and ethanol. Temperature involves the rise or fall of temperature to such a high or low that affects the growth or succession rate of insects.Air temperature and exposure to sunlight will raise the corpse temperature which will also increase the insect succession rate. Temperature can also be influenced by such weather conditions as rain, sun, snow, and wind which can greatly affect the amount of entomological evidence collected (insects) and the outcome of a legal investigation (Sharanowski et al. , 2008). Alcohol, or ethanol, is one of the oldest abused drugs in the world that is readily available and the most commonly abused drug in Western societies (Stripp, 2007).Ethanol is a product of fermentation due to yeast cells acting on sugars from fruits and grains that produces a clear, volatile liquid that is soluble in water (Stripp, 2007). Once ethanol enters the blood stream orally it travels in the blood into other tissues. The ethanol travels to tissues with greater water content be cause these tissues will receive greater ethanol distribution. The ethanol concentration will be different in both the corpse and the insects due to the different water amounts found in each species (insects and corpse).The rate at which ethanol is eliminated from the body is another important factor to a forensic entomologist because this can determine the time at which the individual started drinking. The focus of this experiment will involve different concentration levels of ethanol and the effects on the growth rate of the fly species Sarophagidae (flesh flies). Proposed Research The broad, long-term objectives that this research paper is focused on determining whether ethanol can affect the growth rate of entomological evidence and how much ethanol can be detected in the insects.This research is also being conducted in an attempt to make a comparison to the other research experiments to see if the results concerning growth rate of insects exposed to such drugs as morphine or he roin are similar or different to the growth rate results of insects exposed to ethanol. This research paper includes four specific aims that was accomplished as a way to make the broad objective a more manageable piece that could was easier to manipulate. Specific aim one included determining whether ethanol could be found in both test fly species after feeding on the ethanol infused beef liver.Specific aim two involved determining which concentrations of ethanol produced the most significant changes in the flies. Specific aim three involved tracking the growth rate of the fly species that were exposed to the ethanol infused beef livers (test subjects) and those who were not (control). Specific aim four involved observing any change in the growth rate data from the fly species test subjects that were exposed to three specific concentrations of ethanol. These specific aims will be used in sequential order as a way of getting closer to solving the broad objective. Experimental Methods OverviewThe research experiment hypothesized there would be significant changes in the growth rate of the fly species when exposed to the three specific concentrations of ethanol. The research experiment also predicted that there would be obvious physical changes in the flies when exposed to beef livers infused with specific concentrations of ethanol at different stages of life. The experimental design constructed for this experiment involves the fly species Sarophagidae (flesh flies) feeding on beef livers infused with ethanol over a period of eight to twenty-one days which is the general life cycle for flesh flies.The three beef livers had varying concentrations of ethanol (25 ug, 50 ug, and 100 ug) injected into them that the flesh flies were exposed to. The control group for the experiment was hand massaged with deionized water as a way to keep liquid consistency amongst the groups. At the end of the experiment, the insects were collected into a test tube and then exposed to GC MS or gas chromatography mass spectrometry in an attempt to determine the presence of ethanol in the test subject (insects). The insects were also analyzed for any type of stunted or heightened growth in regards to a normal fly life cycle.This analytical test was able to show that there was ethanol present in the fly species. Experimental Variables The independent variable in this experiment is the specific concentration of ethanol that is distributed amongst the three beef livers. The dependent variable in this experiment is the growth rate of both species after exposure to ethanol as well as the specific ethanol concentrations. The controlled group was the fly larvae that were not exposed to ethanol. The other controlled variables of this experiment were the 45 degrees Farenheit (temperature) the beef livers were maintained at and the amount of beef used (8 oz. as the feeding substrate for the fly species. The experimental groups in this experiment were three larvae groups exposed to ethanol and the control group was a larvae group not exposed to ethanol. Procedures/ Measurements The following experimental design was adapted from a previous research study conducted by George et al. , 2009. Three beef livers weighing 8 oz. each were prepared using the corresponding ethanol concentrations for the three experimental groups of the fly species tested (Experimental Group Two- 25 ug, Experimental Group Three- 50 ug, and Experimental Group Four- 100 ug). 0 mL of deionized water was distributed evenly into the control group (EG 1) to maintain liquid consistency amongst all groups. A cluster of fly larvae for the three experimental groups was collected and distributed evenly amongst the three experimental groups (2-4) as well as the control group. The beef livers were contained in a small plastic tub and refrigerated at a temperature of 45 degrees Farenheit when the beef livers were not being used to discourage spoiling of beef liver as well as to avoid evaporation of ethanol.The growth rate of the test subjects from both fly species exposed to ethanol is measured (any alteration in growth rate is the factor that is being measured) over a period of three weeks. At the end of three weeks, or longer if necessary, all of the perished insects from the experiment were collected for analysis using GCMS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) to determine the presence or absence of ethanol in the insects. Material List Deionized water Ethanol solution Fly larvae of Sarophagidae (flesh flies)Four beef livers (8 oz. each) Graduated cylinder GCMS machine Microscope Pipette Plastic tubs Refrigerator References Anderson, G. S. (1999). Wildlife Forensic Entomology: Determining Time of Death in Two Illegally Killed Black Bear Cubs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(4): 856-859 Anderson, G. S. and Van Laerhoven, S. L. (1996). Initial Studies on Insects Succession on Carrion in Southwestern British Columbia. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41: 617-625 Brown, G. , F uke, C. , Pounder, D. J. , Robertson, L. and Sadler, D. W. (1997). Barbiturates and Analgesics in Calliphora vicina Larvae. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(3): 481-485 Byrd, J. H. and Castner, J. L. (2001). Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL Definis- Gojanovic, M. , Britvic, D. , Kokan, B. , and Sutlovic, D. (2007). Drug Analysis in Necrophagous Flies and Human Tissues. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol, 58: 313-316 George. K. A. , Archer, M. S. , Green, L. M. , Conlan, X. A. , and Toop, T. (2009).Effect of morphine on the growth rate of Calliphora stygia (Fabricus) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and possible implications for forensic entomology. Forensic Science International (Online), 193(1): 21-25 Gennard, D. E. (2007). Forensic Entomology: An Introduction. Wiley: England Goff, M. L. and Lord, W. D. (1994). Entomotoxicology : A new area for forensic investigation. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 15:51-57 Grisales, D. , Ruiz, M. , and Villegas, S. (2010). Insects associated with exposed decomposing bodies in the Colombian Andean Coffee Region.Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 54(4): 637-644 Henssge, C. B. , Knight, B. , Krompecher, T. , Madea, B. , and Nokes, L. (1995). The estimation of the time since death in the early postmortem period. Arnold: London Lord, W. D. (1990). Case histories of the use of insects in investigations. In Entomology and death: A procedural guide, ed. E. P. , Catts and N. H, Haskell. Clemson, SC: Joyce’s Print Shop, 9-37 Monthei, D. R. (2009). Entomotoxicological and Thermal Factors Affecting the Development of Forensically Important Flies.Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Nolte, K. B. , Lord, W. D. , and Pinder, R. D. (1992). Insect Larvae Used to Detect Cocaine Poisoning in a Decomposed Body. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37(4): 1179-1185 Sharanowski, B. J. , Walker, E. G. , and Anderson, G. S. (2008). Insect succession and decom position patterns on shaded and sunlit carrion in Saskatchewan in three different seasons. Forensic Science International, 179: 219-240 Stripp, R. A. (2007). Drugs of Abuse. The Forensic Aspects of Poisons. Chelsea House: New York

EFL Students

Common Prepositions for ELS/EFL Students The following list contains the key English prepositions for English language learners. There are more than 150 English prepositions in English. However, this list contains the most commonly used and serves as an excellent starting English prepositions list for most learners and classes. These English prepositions are divided into one word, two-word prepositions and three-word prepositions. The two word and three words English prepositions are also known as prepositional phrases. One Word Prepositions aboutaboveacrossafteragainstalongamongaroundasatbeforebehindbelowbeneathbesidebetweenbeyondbydespitedownduringexceptforfrominincludinginsideintolikenearnextofoffonontooppositeoutoutsideoverpastthroughtotowardtowardsunderuntilupuponwithwithout Two Word Prepositions according toahead ofaside frombecause ofclose todue toexcept forfar frominside ofinstead ofnear tonext toout fromout ofoutside ofregardless of Three Word Prepositions as far asas well asby means ofin accordance within addition toin case ofin front ofin place ofin spite ofon account ofon behalf ofon top ofwith regard to

The Souls of Black Folk essays

The Souls of Black Folk essays Author: William Edward Burghardt Du Bois Date of Publication: original publication 1903. Bantam Classic publication July 1989 W.E.B. Du Bois, born in 1868 in Massachusetts, was one of Americas loudest social activists, scholars, and writers. He went to school at Harvard and taught at Wilberforce University as well as Atlanta University for many years. He helped publish many extreme periodicals and eventually converted to communism. He died in Accra on August 27 1963. The Souls of Black Folk, a collection of fourteen self contained stories by the extremist African-American scholar W.E.B. Du Bois written over 100 years ago, is a bleak and thought-invoking look at the lives of the former slaves following Emancipation. It addresses nearly all aspects of life, from religion to poverty to race relations, and how they were changed by the removal of slavery. Some papers take a more historical view while others are nearly in the form of short stories. What makes The Souls of Black Folk one-of-a-kind is Du Bois' overt unobjectivity and blatant socialist writing. He was African American and that gives him quite a different view from white historians of the time. He is sympathetic to the troubles of the slaves and understands with much greater lucidity their daily effort to rise above the slight manipulations of those pitiless enough to take advantage of their weak, somewhat raw position. Du Bois also takes mammoth delight in his race and doesn't waver to allocate all of its undertakings and assistance to American humanity with his readers. Given the popular approach of either apathy or hostility towards African Americans at that time in history, The Souls of Black Folk tries to take some significant steps toward earning deference for black America or at least making others conscious of its optim ...

Why do many small businesses fail Research Paper

Why do many small businesses fail - Research Paper Example From these Small Businesses are considered to be the most important economical contributors with respect to their social impact, and employment and innovation opportunities. In the US especially the perception of the small business owner is tied inexplicably to the ideals of hard work leading to success and the importance of the individual. Before verifying any such claims or talking in-depth about the problems and opportunities present for this sector, one must first define ‘Small Business’. While researchers provide their own specific parameters and variables for defining the term â€Å"There is no inherent definition of a "small" business.† (Priest 2003). For the US market, any business having 500 or less employees is considered a small business, with a significant amount of these having less than 20 workers. But the advantages associated with small businesses in general like more flexibility, an innovative environment, enhancing of entrepreneurial skills etc c annot be fully realized even in the relatively smaller size of 500 workers. For the purpose of this paper, the following description coined by the Wiltshire Committee (Australia) will be considered the standard for a small business â€Å"A business in which one or two persons are required to make all the critical management decisions: finance, accounting, personnel, purchasing, processing or servicing, marketing, selling, without the aid of internal specialists and with specific knowledge in only one or two functional areas† (1971). The decision about the ideal firm size in the economy is usually determined by the relationship between managerial efficiencies (costs) and market transaction costs- if a small person team can perform efficiently in a small market while keeping their transaction costs low the small business model will be suitable to them. From an academic point of view claims about the social and economic importance have to be empirically proved before any further discussion can be built upon them. At this time, there are no clear normative grounds which substantiate the claims about the significant contribution of Small businesses to overall revenue and employment generation (Priest, 2003); at the most the contributions are equal to that provided by large conglomerates and corporations. However, the rate of failure of small businesses is still a cause of concern for academics and professionals alike because there are some specific proven benefits associated with small businesses with cannot be provided by large firms working on economies of scale and mass production. These pertain to particularized customer demands in small demand markets; a small size market with demands for personalization can only be met by smaller businesses and the society benefits from the increased welfare provided by choice. Failure of the Small business is an accepted phenomenon in the market. In a study done by  Inc.  magazine and the National Business Incubat or Association (NBIA) Statistics it was shown that  80% of new businesses fail within their first year. According to the Small Business Association In 2002, an estimated 550,100 new businesses were established in the U.S., while an estimated 584,000 closed their doors for good bringing the growth rate of small businesses to negative. From those that survive the first year, 8 out of 10 new businesses fail within the first three years. (Mason, 2012). This trend is not associated with US alone; studies in diverse nations like South Africa, Australia, UK, South East Asia have shown the same. The reasons behind these failures can be broadly categorized into External and Internal factors. External factors are those which can only be

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Land law - Essay Example 15,000 for the purpose of them being a home together and Mr Winston used this sum to purchase the property along with a mortgage in his sole name. There doesn’t appear to be any express valid trust regarding Miss Kaur’s contribution however Miss will most likely have a proprietary right in equity under resulting trust3. Resulting trusts usually involve contribution to the initial cost of the family home, which is registered solely in the name of another person4. Equity does not presume an outright gift, but rather a presumption that the contributing party intended to retain a beneficial interest in the property5 (despite no evidence of actual intention). Whilst this approach has been criticised theoretically as the imposition of an â€Å"artificial presumption6†, it is arguably a necessary approach to protect third party interests7. On this basis, Miss Kaur may be able to claim an equitable interest in the Property under resulting trust and on this basis Mr Winst on will have held the Property as sole trustee with there being two co-owners in equity8. As the Property was held in trust and there is only one trustee of the land and two co-owners, Ms Winston will not be able to rely on the doctrine of overreaching to negate Miss Kaur’s interest9. Moreover, as Miss Kaur has an equitable interest on grounds of resulting trust, Section 3310 of the LRA provides that trusts are not registerable as notices on the register and therefore Miss Kaur’s interest will not have been registered. Furthermore, the effect of Section 26 of the LRA is that purchasers are entitled to proceed, in the absence of such an entry on the register on the basis that there are no limitations on the owner’s powers11. As Miss Kaur has an equitable interest in the Property under the trust, her interest will only be binding on third parties if it constitutes an overriding interest12. Schedule 3, paragraph 2 of the LRA protects overriding interests of those w ith rights to the property that are in actual occupation13. However, in the current scenario, Miss Kaur was away for over a year and did not live in the property. Accordingly, Miss Kaur will not be able to establish an overriding interest by virtue of actual occupation. Therefore, on this basis Ms Winston will hold the Property on trust for Miss Kaur and any proceeds of any potential sale will be held on trust for Miss Kaur in proportion to her contributing share to the purchase price14. 3: Miss Thomas With regard to Miss Thomas, she did not contribute to the purchase price however she undertook significant renovations and modernisation to the kitchen and gave up her local housing authority home to live in the Property on the basis of Mr Winston’s representations. Therefore, Miss Thomas may have an equitable proprietary interest under common intention constructive trust15. The leading case of Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset16 highlighted the essential requirements for the imposition of a constructive trust asserting its foundation in the common intention of the parties to share the properties. Lord Bridge further asserted in this case that intention could be express or inferred from conduct17. Furthermore, Lord Bridge in highlighting the reasoning in Gissing v Gissing18 asserted the concept of